September 21st
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
Consider the following statements in relation to heavy water:
1.Heavy water is used as a coolant in nuclear reactors.
2.Heavy water has a higher boiling point than ordinary water.
3.Heavy water also occurs naturally.
4.Heavy water is radioactive.
How many of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Why this question—>Third indigenous pressurised heavy water reactor attains criticality: NPCIL – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>Heavy water, also known as deuterium oxide (D2O), is used in nuclear reactors as a moderator and coolant. Statement 2 is correct—>Heavy water has a slightly higher boiling point than ordinary water. Statement 3 is correct—>Heavy water does occur naturally, however in much smaller quantities than regular water. Statement 4 is incorrect—>Heavy Water is not radioactive. It is oxide of deuterium (D2O) which is a stable isotope of hydrogen. Additional Information
- Heavy Water (D2O) or deuterium oxide is made up of two atoms of deuterium and one atom of oxygen. Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen with double the mass of hydrogen due to presence of an extra neutron in its nucleus. Deuterium is present in hydrogen and hydrogen bearing compounds like water, hydrocarbons, etc. and has a small natural occurrence (D/D+H) of about 140 to 160 ppm.
- In nuclear fission reactors, the neutrons must be slowed down to ensure an effective fission chain reaction occurs. This process of slowing neutrons down is known as moderation, and the material that slows down these neutrons is known as a neutron moderator. Heavy water is one of the two moderators that can be used which allow a nuclear reactor to operate using natural uranium. The other moderator is graphite.[4]
- Heat energy produced in the core of the reactor due to fission reaction is required to be carried away by a coolant. Heavy Water is used as a primary coolant to transport heat generated by the fission reaction to secondary coolant, light water. The light water takes the heat energy from Heavy Water and generates steam at an appropriate pressure for running steam turbines. Steam turbines drive generators to generate Electricity.
- Water containing Deuterium less than its natural abundance ( <125 ppm) is called Deuterium Depleted Water. It is getting popularized as adjuvant therapy for cancer.
- There is no fixed life for Heavy Water.
- India is the largest producer of Heavy Water in the World.
Incorrect
Why this question—>Third indigenous pressurised heavy water reactor attains criticality: NPCIL – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>Heavy water, also known as deuterium oxide (D2O), is used in nuclear reactors as a moderator and coolant. Statement 2 is correct—>Heavy water has a slightly higher boiling point than ordinary water. Statement 3 is correct—>Heavy water does occur naturally, however in much smaller quantities than regular water. Statement 4 is incorrect—>Heavy Water is not radioactive. It is oxide of deuterium (D2O) which is a stable isotope of hydrogen. Additional Information
- Heavy Water (D2O) or deuterium oxide is made up of two atoms of deuterium and one atom of oxygen. Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen with double the mass of hydrogen due to presence of an extra neutron in its nucleus. Deuterium is present in hydrogen and hydrogen bearing compounds like water, hydrocarbons, etc. and has a small natural occurrence (D/D+H) of about 140 to 160 ppm.
- In nuclear fission reactors, the neutrons must be slowed down to ensure an effective fission chain reaction occurs. This process of slowing neutrons down is known as moderation, and the material that slows down these neutrons is known as a neutron moderator. Heavy water is one of the two moderators that can be used which allow a nuclear reactor to operate using natural uranium. The other moderator is graphite.[4]
- Heat energy produced in the core of the reactor due to fission reaction is required to be carried away by a coolant. Heavy Water is used as a primary coolant to transport heat generated by the fission reaction to secondary coolant, light water. The light water takes the heat energy from Heavy Water and generates steam at an appropriate pressure for running steam turbines. Steam turbines drive generators to generate Electricity.
- Water containing Deuterium less than its natural abundance ( <125 ppm) is called Deuterium Depleted Water. It is getting popularized as adjuvant therapy for cancer.
- There is no fixed life for Heavy Water.
- India is the largest producer of Heavy Water in the World.
-
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
Arrange the following agreements between India and Pakistan in chronological order:
1. Tashkent Declaration
2. Indus Water Treaty
3. Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack Against Each Other’s Nuclear Installations and Facilities
4. Agreement on Reducing the Risk from Accidents Relating to Nuclear Weapons
Select the correct answer using the code given below:Correct
Why this question—>UPSC Q
Solution
Tashkent Declaration
- It was signed on January 10, 1966.
- The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan, after meeting in Tashkent and discussing existing relations, hereby declare their firm resolve to restore normal and peaceful relations between their countries, as well as to promote understanding and friendly relations between their peoples.
Indus Water Treaty
- It was signed on September 19, 1960.
- India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty, which governs the use of water from the Indus and its tributaries.
Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack Against Each Other’s Nuclear Installations and Facilities
- It was signed on December 31, 1988.
- In January 2024, India and Pakistan exchanged a list of their nuclear installations under a bilateral pact that prohibits the two sides from attacking each other’s atomic facilities, continuing an annual practice that began in 1992.
Agreement on Reducing the Risk from Accidents Relating to Nuclear Weapons
- It was signed on February 21, 2007.
- This was in compliance with Article 8 of the agreement between India and Pakistan on reducing the risk of accidents related to nuclear weapons.
Incorrect
Why this question—>UPSC Q
Solution
Tashkent Declaration
- It was signed on January 10, 1966.
- The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan, after meeting in Tashkent and discussing existing relations, hereby declare their firm resolve to restore normal and peaceful relations between their countries, as well as to promote understanding and friendly relations between their peoples.
Indus Water Treaty
- It was signed on September 19, 1960.
- India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty, which governs the use of water from the Indus and its tributaries.
Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack Against Each Other’s Nuclear Installations and Facilities
- It was signed on December 31, 1988.
- In January 2024, India and Pakistan exchanged a list of their nuclear installations under a bilateral pact that prohibits the two sides from attacking each other’s atomic facilities, continuing an annual practice that began in 1992.
Agreement on Reducing the Risk from Accidents Relating to Nuclear Weapons
- It was signed on February 21, 2007.
- This was in compliance with Article 8 of the agreement between India and Pakistan on reducing the risk of accidents related to nuclear weapons.
-
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
With reference to the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), consider the following statements:
1.It has been created by an executive order of the government.
2.It operates under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
3.It regulates the manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of food articles.
4.Anyone selling or importing food in India needs a food license issued by FSSAI.
How many of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Why this question—>Tirupati laddu row: Union Health Minister J.P. Nadda seeks report on issue, says ‘will take suitable action’ – The Hindu
Statement 1 is incorrect—>The FSSAI has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which is a consolidating statute related to food safety and regulation in India. Statement 2 is incorrect—>The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) works under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Statement 3 is correct—>It regulates the manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of food articles, while also establishing standards to ensure food safety. Statement 4 is correct—>Anyone selling or importing food in India needs a food license issued by FSSAI. Additional Information
- The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India is the administrative Ministry of FSSAI.
- Headquarters: Delhi.
- FSSAI is headed by a non-executive Chairperson, appointed by the Central Government, either holding or have held a position not below the rank of Secretary to the GoI.
Functions of FSSAI
- FSSAI is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety.
- It lays down standards and guidelines in relation to articles of food, and provides for licensing, registration, and accreditation for food business operators.
- Anyone selling or importing food in India needs a food licence issued by FSSAI.
- FSSAI also directly monitors compliance of food regulations, especially in the area of food imports to India.
- FSSAI officers carry out food import controls and ensure that the contain no harmful ingredients. To do this, they send selected test products from the import to accredited laboratories for inspection.
- The FSSAI is also responsible for the accreditation of food testing laboratories throughout India.
- The FSSAI is responsible for the Food Certification in India.
- It is mandated to specify systems for enforcing its standards, for accreditation of certification systems, and for certification of food safety management systems for food businesses.
The Food Standards and Safety Act, 2006
- The Food Standards and Safety Act, 2006 consolidated various acts & orders that had earlier handled food related issues in various Ministries and Departments, such as–
- Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
- Fruit Products Order, 1955
- Meat Food Products Order, 1973
- Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order, 1947
- Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order 1988
- Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992
- These were repealed after commencement of FSS Act, 2006.
Incorrect
Why this question—>Tirupati laddu row: Union Health Minister J.P. Nadda seeks report on issue, says ‘will take suitable action’ – The Hindu
Statement 1 is incorrect—>The FSSAI has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which is a consolidating statute related to food safety and regulation in India. Statement 2 is incorrect—>The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) works under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Statement 3 is correct—>It regulates the manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of food articles, while also establishing standards to ensure food safety. Statement 4 is correct—>Anyone selling or importing food in India needs a food license issued by FSSAI. Additional Information
- The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India is the administrative Ministry of FSSAI.
- Headquarters: Delhi.
- FSSAI is headed by a non-executive Chairperson, appointed by the Central Government, either holding or have held a position not below the rank of Secretary to the GoI.
Functions of FSSAI
- FSSAI is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety.
- It lays down standards and guidelines in relation to articles of food, and provides for licensing, registration, and accreditation for food business operators.
- Anyone selling or importing food in India needs a food licence issued by FSSAI.
- FSSAI also directly monitors compliance of food regulations, especially in the area of food imports to India.
- FSSAI officers carry out food import controls and ensure that the contain no harmful ingredients. To do this, they send selected test products from the import to accredited laboratories for inspection.
- The FSSAI is also responsible for the accreditation of food testing laboratories throughout India.
- The FSSAI is responsible for the Food Certification in India.
- It is mandated to specify systems for enforcing its standards, for accreditation of certification systems, and for certification of food safety management systems for food businesses.
The Food Standards and Safety Act, 2006
- The Food Standards and Safety Act, 2006 consolidated various acts & orders that had earlier handled food related issues in various Ministries and Departments, such as–
- Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
- Fruit Products Order, 1955
- Meat Food Products Order, 1973
- Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order, 1947
- Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order 1988
- Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992
- These were repealed after commencement of FSS Act, 2006.
-
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
With reference to production of coffee, consider the following statements:
1.Brazil and Vietnam are two largest producers of coffee in the world.
2.Karnataka and Kerala are the two largest producers of coffee in India.
Which of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Why this question—>‘Coffee exporters eye 60% from value-added beans’ – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>Brazil and Vietnam are two largest producers of coffee in the world. Statement 2 is correct—>Karnataka and Kerala are the two largest producers of coffee in India. Additional Information
-
- The vast majority of the world’s coffee comprises two species — Coffea Arabica (Arabica) and Coffea Canephora (Robusta). Coffee, especially Arabica, is considered a sensitive crop, vulnerable to climate variability and change.
- Indian coffee is one of the best coffees in the world due to its high quality and gets a high premium in the international markets.
- India produces two types of coffee: Arabica and Robusta. Arabica has high market value than Robusta coffee due to its mild aromatic flavor. Robusta coffee is mainly used in making various blends due to its strong flavor.
- Robusta is the majorly manufactured coffee with a share of 72% of the total production.
- Brazil is the world’s largest coffee producer, supplying around a third of the world’s coffee.
- Climatic conditions required for coffee production
-
- It requires a hot and humid climate for its growth.
- Temperatures ranging between 15°C and 28 °C
- Rainfall: 150 to 250 cm.
- Soil: Well-drained, loamy soil containing a good deal of humus and minerals like iron and calcium are ideal for coffee cultivation.
- It is generally grown under shady trees.
- Dry weather is necessary at the time of ripening of the berries.
- It is grown on hill slopes at elevations from 600 to 1,600 metres above sea level.
- In India coffee is largely cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, among which, Karnataka produces the most with over 70% of the total output.
Incorrect
Why this question—>‘Coffee exporters eye 60% from value-added beans’ – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>Brazil and Vietnam are two largest producers of coffee in the world. Statement 2 is correct—>Karnataka and Kerala are the two largest producers of coffee in India. Additional Information
-
- The vast majority of the world’s coffee comprises two species — Coffea Arabica (Arabica) and Coffea Canephora (Robusta). Coffee, especially Arabica, is considered a sensitive crop, vulnerable to climate variability and change.
- Indian coffee is one of the best coffees in the world due to its high quality and gets a high premium in the international markets.
- India produces two types of coffee: Arabica and Robusta. Arabica has high market value than Robusta coffee due to its mild aromatic flavor. Robusta coffee is mainly used in making various blends due to its strong flavor.
- Robusta is the majorly manufactured coffee with a share of 72% of the total production.
- Brazil is the world’s largest coffee producer, supplying around a third of the world’s coffee.
- Climatic conditions required for coffee production
-
- It requires a hot and humid climate for its growth.
- Temperatures ranging between 15°C and 28 °C
- Rainfall: 150 to 250 cm.
- Soil: Well-drained, loamy soil containing a good deal of humus and minerals like iron and calcium are ideal for coffee cultivation.
- It is generally grown under shady trees.
- Dry weather is necessary at the time of ripening of the berries.
- It is grown on hill slopes at elevations from 600 to 1,600 metres above sea level.
- In India coffee is largely cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, among which, Karnataka produces the most with over 70% of the total output.
-
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
With reference to PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, consider the following statements:
1. It has been launched to increase the share of solar rooftop capacity and empower residential households to generate their own electricity.
2.The scheme provides a subsidy of 60% of the solar unit cost for systems up to 2kW capacity.
3.The scheme has provision for collateral free loans for EWS/LIG families.
How many of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Why this question—>Blockchain, smart materials, among innovative projects mooted in PM solar scheme – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>The Government of India has launched PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana to increase the share of solar rooftop capacity and empower residential households to generate their own electricity. Statement 2 is correct—>The scheme provides for a subsidy of 60% of the solar unit cost for systems up to 2kW capacity and 40 percent of additional system cost for systems between 2 to 3kW capacity. The subsidy has been capped at 3kW capacity. Statement 3 is incorrect—>Households will have access to collateral-free, low-interest loans at around 7% interest for installing residential rooftop solar (RTS) systems up to 3 kW. Additional Information
- The scheme has an outlay of Rs 75,021 crore and is to be implemented till FY 2026-27.
- Objective: It aims to provide free electricity to one crore households in India, who opt to install roof top solar electricity units.
- The households will be able to get 300 units of electricity free every month.
- Implementation Agencies:The scheme will be implemented by a National programme Implementation Agency (NPIA) at the National level and by the State Implementation Agencies (SIAs) at the state level.
- The Distribution Utility (DISCOMs or Power/Energy Departments, as the case may be) shall be the State Implementation Agencies (SIA) at the State/UT level. c)
- Under the scheme, the DISCOMs shall be required to put in place several facilitative measures for promotion of rooftop solar in their respective areas such as availability of net meters, timely inspection and commissioning of installations, vendor registration and management, interdepartmental convergence for solarizing government building etc.
Other Features of the Scheme
- A Model Solar Village will be developed in each district of the country to act as a role model for adoption of rooftop solar in rural areas,
- Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions shall also benefit from incentives for promoting RTS installations in their areas.
- The scheme provides a component for payment security for renewable energy service company (RESCO) based models as well as a fund for innovative projects in RTS.
- —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————-
- As part of the ₹75,000-crore PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced a ₹500-crore sub-component for “Innovative Projects”, according to a draft notification from the Ministry.
- Under this programme, companies and individuals can submit proposals, which will be perused by a committee, to execute novel ideas connected to rooftop solar installations.
- Some examples of innovative projects envisioned include “:
- blockchain-based peer-to-peer RTS [Rooftop Solar], digital solutions for RTS, smart building materials, RTS with EV (electric vehicles), grid responsive RTS with battery storage solutions, DISCOM (Distribution Company) systems for RTS management etc”.
- Every project is expected to be for a “maximum duration” of 18 months and the financial assistance for innovative projects would be capped at 60% of the total project cost, or a maximum of ₹30 crore.
- The National Institute for Solar Energy (NISE), a subsidiary of the Ministry, would implement the scheme.
Incorrect
Why this question—>Blockchain, smart materials, among innovative projects mooted in PM solar scheme – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>The Government of India has launched PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana to increase the share of solar rooftop capacity and empower residential households to generate their own electricity. Statement 2 is correct—>The scheme provides for a subsidy of 60% of the solar unit cost for systems up to 2kW capacity and 40 percent of additional system cost for systems between 2 to 3kW capacity. The subsidy has been capped at 3kW capacity. Statement 3 is incorrect—>Households will have access to collateral-free, low-interest loans at around 7% interest for installing residential rooftop solar (RTS) systems up to 3 kW. Additional Information
- The scheme has an outlay of Rs 75,021 crore and is to be implemented till FY 2026-27.
- Objective: It aims to provide free electricity to one crore households in India, who opt to install roof top solar electricity units.
- The households will be able to get 300 units of electricity free every month.
- Implementation Agencies:The scheme will be implemented by a National programme Implementation Agency (NPIA) at the National level and by the State Implementation Agencies (SIAs) at the state level.
- The Distribution Utility (DISCOMs or Power/Energy Departments, as the case may be) shall be the State Implementation Agencies (SIA) at the State/UT level. c)
- Under the scheme, the DISCOMs shall be required to put in place several facilitative measures for promotion of rooftop solar in their respective areas such as availability of net meters, timely inspection and commissioning of installations, vendor registration and management, interdepartmental convergence for solarizing government building etc.
Other Features of the Scheme
- A Model Solar Village will be developed in each district of the country to act as a role model for adoption of rooftop solar in rural areas,
- Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions shall also benefit from incentives for promoting RTS installations in their areas.
- The scheme provides a component for payment security for renewable energy service company (RESCO) based models as well as a fund for innovative projects in RTS.
- —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————-
- As part of the ₹75,000-crore PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced a ₹500-crore sub-component for “Innovative Projects”, according to a draft notification from the Ministry.
- Under this programme, companies and individuals can submit proposals, which will be perused by a committee, to execute novel ideas connected to rooftop solar installations.
- Some examples of innovative projects envisioned include “:
- blockchain-based peer-to-peer RTS [Rooftop Solar], digital solutions for RTS, smart building materials, RTS with EV (electric vehicles), grid responsive RTS with battery storage solutions, DISCOM (Distribution Company) systems for RTS management etc”.
- Every project is expected to be for a “maximum duration” of 18 months and the financial assistance for innovative projects would be capped at 60% of the total project cost, or a maximum of ₹30 crore.
- The National Institute for Solar Energy (NISE), a subsidiary of the Ministry, would implement the scheme.