September 24th
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
Consider the following statements in relation to La Nina
1.La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific.
2. During La Nina events, trade winds are even stronger than usual, pushing more warm water toward Asia.
3.During La Niña, waters off the Pacific coast are colder and contain more nutrients than usual.
4.Similar to India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia receive good rainfall during a La Nina year.
How many of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Why this question—>Monsoon withdraws from parts of Rajasthan – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. Statement 2 is correct—>During La Nina events, trade winds are even stronger than usual, pushing more warm water toward Asia. Statement 3 is correct—>.During La Niña, waters off the Pacific coast are colder and contain more nutrients than usual. Statement 4 is correct—>Similar to India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia receive good rainfall during a La Nina year. Explanation
- El Niño and La Nina are climate phenomena that are a result of ocean-atmosphere interactions, which impact the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. These affect global weather.
- The Earth’s west-east rotation causes all winds blowing between 30 degrees to the north and south of the equator to slant in their trajectory. As a result, winds in the region flow towards a southwesterly direction in the northern hemisphere and a northwesterly direction in the southern hemisphere. This is known as the Coriolis Effect.
- Due to this, winds in this belt (called trade winds) blow westwards on either side of the equator. Under normal ocean conditions, these trade winds travel westwards along the equator from South America towards Asia. Wind movement over the ocean results in a phenomenon called upwelling, where cold water beneath the ocean surface rises and displaces the warm surface waters.
- At times, the weak trade winds get pushed back towards South America and there is no upwelling. Thus, warmer-than-usual sea surface temperatures are recorded along the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and this is known as the emergence of El Niño conditions.
- Conversely, during La Nina, strong trade winds push warm water towards Asia. Greater upwelling gives rise to cold and nutrient-rich water towards South America. Thus, climatologically, El Niño and La Nina are opposite phases of what is collectively called the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. It also includes a third neutral phase.
- El Niño events are far more frequent than La Nina ones. Once every two to seven years, neutral ENSO conditions get interrupted by either El Niño or La Nina.
Impact
- India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and their neighbouring countries receive good rainfall during a La Nina year.
- On the other hand, droughts are common in southern regions of North America, where winters become warmer than usual. Canada and the northwestern coast of the United States see heavy rainfall and flooding.
- Southern Africa receives higher than usual rainfall, whereas eastern regions of the continent suffer below-average rainfall
- Parts of western South America, particularly the western coasts of Peru and Ecuador, experience drier-than-normal conditions, sometimes leading to drought.
Incorrect
Why this question—>Monsoon withdraws from parts of Rajasthan – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. Statement 2 is correct—>During La Nina events, trade winds are even stronger than usual, pushing more warm water toward Asia. Statement 3 is correct—>.During La Niña, waters off the Pacific coast are colder and contain more nutrients than usual. Statement 4 is correct—>Similar to India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia receive good rainfall during a La Nina year. Explanation
- El Niño and La Nina are climate phenomena that are a result of ocean-atmosphere interactions, which impact the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. These affect global weather.
- The Earth’s west-east rotation causes all winds blowing between 30 degrees to the north and south of the equator to slant in their trajectory. As a result, winds in the region flow towards a southwesterly direction in the northern hemisphere and a northwesterly direction in the southern hemisphere. This is known as the Coriolis Effect.
- Due to this, winds in this belt (called trade winds) blow westwards on either side of the equator. Under normal ocean conditions, these trade winds travel westwards along the equator from South America towards Asia. Wind movement over the ocean results in a phenomenon called upwelling, where cold water beneath the ocean surface rises and displaces the warm surface waters.
- At times, the weak trade winds get pushed back towards South America and there is no upwelling. Thus, warmer-than-usual sea surface temperatures are recorded along the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and this is known as the emergence of El Niño conditions.
- Conversely, during La Nina, strong trade winds push warm water towards Asia. Greater upwelling gives rise to cold and nutrient-rich water towards South America. Thus, climatologically, El Niño and La Nina are opposite phases of what is collectively called the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. It also includes a third neutral phase.
- El Niño events are far more frequent than La Nina ones. Once every two to seven years, neutral ENSO conditions get interrupted by either El Niño or La Nina.
Impact
- India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and their neighbouring countries receive good rainfall during a La Nina year.
- On the other hand, droughts are common in southern regions of North America, where winters become warmer than usual. Canada and the northwestern coast of the United States see heavy rainfall and flooding.
- Southern Africa receives higher than usual rainfall, whereas eastern regions of the continent suffer below-average rainfall
- Parts of western South America, particularly the western coasts of Peru and Ecuador, experience drier-than-normal conditions, sometimes leading to drought.
-
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
According to a Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) study more than 1 crore futures and options (F&O) traders lost ₹1.81 lakh crore in F&O during FY22- FY24.In this context consider the following statements:
1.Derivatives are instruments that do not have a value of their own.
2.Futures and options are both types of derivatives contracts.
3.A future is a contract to buy or sell an underlying stock or other assets at a predetermined price on a specific date.
4.An options contract gives the holder the right to buy or sell an underlying security at a preset price.
How many of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Why this question—>F&O traders lost ₹1.81 lakh crore in 3 years: SEBI study – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>Derivatives are instruments that do not have a value of their own. Statement 2 is correct—>Futures and options are both types of derivatives contracts. Statement 3 is correct—>A future is a contract to buy or sell an underlying stock or other assets at a predetermined price on a specific date. Statement 4 is correct—>An options contract gives the holder the right to buy or sell an underlying security at a preset price. Additional Information
What are futures?
- Futures are contracts that must be settled (paid for) upon entering. If you enter a futures contract, you are obligated to buy or sell the underlying asset at a pre-specified price on or prior to a certain date.
- Types of futures
- Financial futures: Stock futures, Currency futures, Index futures, Interest rate futures, and others.
- Physical futures: Commodity futures, Energy Futures, Metal Futures, and others.
What is options?
- An options contract is the right, but not the obligation, for its buyer to buy or sell the underlying asset at a given price on or before a fixed date.
- Options are a good way to trade in stocks without owning them.
- If the option buyer does not want to buy or sell the underlying asset, they can decide not to do so.
- Types of options
- Call Options: A Call option gives the buyer/ holder the right but not the obligation to buy a specified quantity of an underlying asset.
- Put options: A Put option gives the buyer/ holder the right but not the obligation to sell a specified quantity of an underlying asset.
Incorrect
Why this question—>F&O traders lost ₹1.81 lakh crore in 3 years: SEBI study – The Hindu
Statement 1 is correct—>Derivatives are instruments that do not have a value of their own. Statement 2 is correct—>Futures and options are both types of derivatives contracts. Statement 3 is correct—>A future is a contract to buy or sell an underlying stock or other assets at a predetermined price on a specific date. Statement 4 is correct—>An options contract gives the holder the right to buy or sell an underlying security at a preset price. Additional Information
What are futures?
- Futures are contracts that must be settled (paid for) upon entering. If you enter a futures contract, you are obligated to buy or sell the underlying asset at a pre-specified price on or prior to a certain date.
- Types of futures
- Financial futures: Stock futures, Currency futures, Index futures, Interest rate futures, and others.
- Physical futures: Commodity futures, Energy Futures, Metal Futures, and others.
What is options?
- An options contract is the right, but not the obligation, for its buyer to buy or sell the underlying asset at a given price on or before a fixed date.
- Options are a good way to trade in stocks without owning them.
- If the option buyer does not want to buy or sell the underlying asset, they can decide not to do so.
- Types of options
- Call Options: A Call option gives the buyer/ holder the right but not the obligation to buy a specified quantity of an underlying asset.
- Put options: A Put option gives the buyer/ holder the right but not the obligation to sell a specified quantity of an underlying asset.
-
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
Consider the following statements:
1. Rising temperatures cause more precipitation to fall as rain rather than snow, which increases the risk of flooding and landslides in high-altitude areas.
2. Greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere act like a blanket on the earth, trapping heat and causing temperatures to rise.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?Correct
Why this question—>How is climate change impacting flooding around the world?
Solution
- Temperature rises can cause more precipitation to fall as rain rather than snow, making high-altitude areas vulnerable to flooding and landslides. A 2022 study published in the science journal Nature discovered that in snowy, high-elevation portions of the Northern Hemisphere, rainfall extremes increased by an average of 15% for every 1 degree Celsius of warming. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
- Climate change influences the frequency of heavy downpours during storms and unexpected outbursts by altering complicated atmospheric and weather processes.
- According to the UN’s International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), at a 1.5C temperature rise, which the globe is rapidly approaching, heavy precipitation that would have been a once-in-a-ten-year rainfall event will occur 1.5 times every decade and be more than 10% wetter.
- Hence,Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1
Incorrect
Why this question—>How is climate change impacting flooding around the world?
Solution
- Temperature rises can cause more precipitation to fall as rain rather than snow, making high-altitude areas vulnerable to flooding and landslides. A 2022 study published in the science journal Nature discovered that in snowy, high-elevation portions of the Northern Hemisphere, rainfall extremes increased by an average of 15% for every 1 degree Celsius of warming. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
- Climate change influences the frequency of heavy downpours during storms and unexpected outbursts by altering complicated atmospheric and weather processes.
- According to the UN’s International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), at a 1.5C temperature rise, which the globe is rapidly approaching, heavy precipitation that would have been a once-in-a-ten-year rainfall event will occur 1.5 times every decade and be more than 10% wetter.
- Hence,Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1
-
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
he Poona Pact of 1932 is often considered a turning point in the political and social dynamics of colonial India. With respect to the provisions and implications of the Poona Pact, consider the following statements:
1.It granted the Scheduled Castes a greater number of reserved seats in the provincial legislatures than what was originally proposed in the Communal Award.
2.Despite the Poona Pact, the Scheduled Castes continued to have separate electorates for elections to the provincial legislatures.
3.It mandated that the Scheduled Castes would participate in the election of candidates for general seats as well, not just their reserved seats.
4.In every province out of the educational grant, an adequate sum shall be earmarked for providing educational facilities to the members of depressed classes.
How many of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Why this question—>Why Ambedkar and Gandhi disagreed on question of separate electorates for Scheduled Castes
Statement 1 is correct—>The Poona Pact increased the number of reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes in provincial legislatures from the 71 seats proposed in the Communal Award to 148 seats. Statement 2 is incorrect—> The Poona Pact eliminated the separate electorates for the Scheduled Castes, which was the key demand of Mahatma Gandhi. Instead of separate electorates, it introduced reserved seats within the joint electorate system. Statement 3 is correct—>It mandated that the Scheduled Castes would participate in the election of candidates for general seats as well, not just their reserved seats. Statement 4 is correct—>.In every province out of the educational grant, an adequate sum shall be earmarked for providing educational facilities to the members of depressed classes. Additional Information
- Madan Mohan Malaviya signed the Poona Pact on behalf of Hindus and Gandhi, and Ambedkar on behalf of depressed classes.
Poona Pact Features
- Reservation in place of separate electorates:
- Instead of separate electorates, the Poona Pact established a system of reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes within the general electorate.
- 148 seats were reserved for the Depressed Classes in the provincial legislatures against 71 seats given by the Communal Award.
- 18% of the total seats of the general electorate in the central legislature were to be kept for the Depressed Classes.
- Joint electorates: A blend of separate electorate and general electorate
- In each constituency, Depressed Classes registered in the general electoral roll would form an electoral college.
- It would elect a four candidates-panel for each reserved seat.
- These four candidates would be candidates for the general election.
- Both the Central Legislature and provincial legislatures would have the same principles and methods.
- Educational grants:
- An adequate sum of money in the form of education grants would be provided to every province.
- Future Reservation:
- The continuance of the reservation in future is to be decided by the mutual agreement.
Incorrect
Why this question—>Why Ambedkar and Gandhi disagreed on question of separate electorates for Scheduled Castes
Statement 1 is correct—>The Poona Pact increased the number of reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes in provincial legislatures from the 71 seats proposed in the Communal Award to 148 seats. Statement 2 is incorrect—> The Poona Pact eliminated the separate electorates for the Scheduled Castes, which was the key demand of Mahatma Gandhi. Instead of separate electorates, it introduced reserved seats within the joint electorate system. Statement 3 is correct—>It mandated that the Scheduled Castes would participate in the election of candidates for general seats as well, not just their reserved seats. Statement 4 is correct—>.In every province out of the educational grant, an adequate sum shall be earmarked for providing educational facilities to the members of depressed classes. Additional Information
- Madan Mohan Malaviya signed the Poona Pact on behalf of Hindus and Gandhi, and Ambedkar on behalf of depressed classes.
Poona Pact Features
- Reservation in place of separate electorates:
- Instead of separate electorates, the Poona Pact established a system of reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes within the general electorate.
- 148 seats were reserved for the Depressed Classes in the provincial legislatures against 71 seats given by the Communal Award.
- 18% of the total seats of the general electorate in the central legislature were to be kept for the Depressed Classes.
- Joint electorates: A blend of separate electorate and general electorate
- In each constituency, Depressed Classes registered in the general electoral roll would form an electoral college.
- It would elect a four candidates-panel for each reserved seat.
- These four candidates would be candidates for the general election.
- Both the Central Legislature and provincial legislatures would have the same principles and methods.
- Educational grants:
- An adequate sum of money in the form of education grants would be provided to every province.
- Future Reservation:
- The continuance of the reservation in future is to be decided by the mutual agreement.
-
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
Consider the following statements:
1.Cancer Moonshot Initiative has been launched by the QUAD countries.
2.Cancer Moonshot Initiative will focus on expanding cervical cancer screening and increasing vaccinations against the human papillomavirus.
3.India does not have an indigenously developed vaccine to prevent cervical cancer.
How many of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Why this question—>Quad launches maritime and health initiatives, adopts strong language on aggression – The Hindu
Statements 1 and 2 are correct—>Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative:The countries — India, United States, Australia and Japan launched the programme.It will focus on expanding cervical cancer screening; increasing vaccinations against the human papillomavirus, or HP. Statement 3 is incorrect—>India does have an indigenously developed vaccine to prevent cervical cancer. Additional Information
India’s contribution to the initiative:
- India will offer technical assistance to interested countries in the Indo-Pacific region on DPI for cancer screening, care and continuum through its US $10 million contribution to WHO’s-Global Initiative on Digital Health.
- India commits to providing HPV sampling kits, detection tools and cervical cancer vaccines worth $7.5 million to the Indo-Pacific region.
- India is working on an AI based treatment protocol for the disease.
- India will provide support for radiotherapy treatment and capacity building for cancer prevention in the Indo-Pacific.
- Cervavac, is India’s first indigenously developed quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer.
- Cervavac was developed by the Serum Institute of India in coordination with the Government of India’s Department of Biotechnology (DBT).
Incorrect
Why this question—>Quad launches maritime and health initiatives, adopts strong language on aggression – The Hindu
Statements 1 and 2 are correct—>Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative:The countries — India, United States, Australia and Japan launched the programme.It will focus on expanding cervical cancer screening; increasing vaccinations against the human papillomavirus, or HP. Statement 3 is incorrect—>India does have an indigenously developed vaccine to prevent cervical cancer. Additional Information
India’s contribution to the initiative:
- India will offer technical assistance to interested countries in the Indo-Pacific region on DPI for cancer screening, care and continuum through its US $10 million contribution to WHO’s-Global Initiative on Digital Health.
- India commits to providing HPV sampling kits, detection tools and cervical cancer vaccines worth $7.5 million to the Indo-Pacific region.
- India is working on an AI based treatment protocol for the disease.
- India will provide support for radiotherapy treatment and capacity building for cancer prevention in the Indo-Pacific.
- Cervavac, is India’s first indigenously developed quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer.
- Cervavac was developed by the Serum Institute of India in coordination with the Government of India’s Department of Biotechnology (DBT).