• Moiré materials are created by stacking 2D layers of materials like graphene or semiconductors and slightly twisting the top layer.
• The twist causes a misalignment of atoms, creating a moiré pattern which gives rise to new, unusual properties not found in the individual layers.

Flat Bands and Superconductivity

• When two 2D layers are twisted, the resulting flat bands in the material’s electronic structure cause electrons to move slowly and interact strongly.

• These interactions can lead to the formation of Cooper pairs, where pairs of electrons move together without scattering, which is crucial for superconductivity.
• This phenomenon was observed in both graphene-based and semiconductor-based moiré materials, such as tWSe₂.

Superconductivity in tWSe₂

• Twisted bilayer tungsten diselenide (tWSe₂) was found to exhibit superconductivity at very low temperatures (~-272.93°C).

• Superconductivity occurs when the electronic states are half-filled, which enhances electron-electron interactions.
• tWSe₂’s superconducting state is more stable compared to graphene-based systems, and it has a longer coherence length.
• The material can also transition to an insulating state by altering its electronic properties, providing potential for tunable material behavior.

Comparison to Graphene

• While graphene-based moiré materials become superconducting due to electron-lattice interactions, tWSe₂ relies on electron-electron interactions for superconductivity.
• This distinction could lead to more stable and flexible superconducting materials in the future.

Potential for Future Applications

• The discovery opens new possibilities for semiconductor-based superconductivity and lays the groundwork for future quantum materials.

• Understanding the properties of moiré materials like tWSe₂ can lead to advancements in electronics, quantum computing, and materials science.

• Dar es Salaam Port is located in Tanzania.

• It is an African country situated just south of the Equator. 
• Dar es Salaam is the largest city and port city of this country.
• Location
  • The mainland is bounded by Uganda, Lake Victoria, and Kenya to the north.
  • By the Indian Ocean to the east, by Mozambique, Lake Nyasa, Malawi, and Zambia to the south and southwest
  • By Lake Tanganyika, Burundi, and Rwanda to the west.
• Highest mountain: Mount Kilimanjaro which is located in northeastern Tanzania.

• The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was founded in 1965 to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with modernity, stagnation with growth, transforming dairying into an instrument for the development of India’s rural people.
• The National Dairy Development Board, initially registered as a society under the Societies Act 1860, was merged with the erstwhile Indian Dairy Corporation, a company formed and registered under the Companies Act 1956, by the NDDB Act 1987, with effect from 12 October, 1987. The new body corporate was also declared an institution of national importance by the Act.
• Since its inception, the Dairy Board has planned and spearheaded India’s dairy programmes by placing dairy development in the hands of milk producers and the professionals they employ to manage their cooperatives.
• National Dairy Development Board located at– Anand, Gujarat (HQ)
• It is under the Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries
• It was founded by Dr Verghese Kurien, often called ‘India’s milkman’.
• It was set up to replicate the success of Amul to the whole of India.

• 1. Satellite control
• 2. Telemetry and tracking
• 3. Space data reception
• 4. Space situational awareness

All of the above are considered ground station as a service (GSaaS).

• Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909-2001)
  • • Despite being part of the Muslim League, she was among the few members opposing separate electorates based on religion. Her views on the idea of Pakistan were more complex. She believed it would help uplift Muslims but possibly harm poor Muslims in India following a division.
    • Ultimately, she decided to stay in India. Post-independence, she became a UP Rajya Sabha member in 1952.
• Annie Mascarene (1902-1963)

• • Mascarene was born in Trivandrum (now Thiruvananthapuram) in a Latin Christian family, considered to be at the lowest rung of the caste system. Despite her social status, she went on to study and teach law.
  • Lower-caste Ezhavas, Christians and Muslims could not vote in the local legislature at the time. Mascarene actively campaigned for a government based on a universal adult franchise, despite being targeted by her political opponents.
  • She later joined the Congress. As part of the Constituent Assembly, she spoke about the need for a strong Centre in the early days of the republic, while emphasising the autonomy of local governments. 
  • Mascarene contested as an independent candidate in 1952, winning from Thiruvananthapuram.