Additional Information

• In frequency modulation (FM)we modulate, or adjust, the frequency to transmit a message.
• Amplitude modulation is a process by which the wave signal is transmitted by modulating the amplitude of the signal.
• When we use AM, FM or PM modes to transmit • and – (or 0s and 1s), we have digital transmission. When we use AM or FM to propagate composite waves, it’s analog transmission. Analog signals are continuous while digital signals are discrete

• Phase modulation (PM) is a modulation pattern that encodes information as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave.
•  Phase modulation is widely used for transmitting radio waves and is an integral part of many digital transmission coding schemes that underlie a wide range of technologies like Wi-Fi, GSM and satellite television 
• Phase Modulation is generally not used for transmission because it is complex for decoding
• Phase Modulation (PM) is unsuitable for analog radio or TV broadcasts because it’s digital.

Additional Information

• DMF is a trust set up as a non-profit body under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Amendment Act 2015.
• Purpose: To work in the interest and benefits of persons and areas affected by mining-related operations in a manner as may be prescribed by the respective State Government.
• The operation of DMFs falls under the jurisdiction of the relevant State Government. 
• The fund for DMF is collected at the district level.

Funding:

• The holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease granted on or after the date of commencement of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations are carried on, an amount which is equivalent to such percentage of the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule, not exceeding one-third of such royalty, as may be prescribed by the Central Government.
• The holder of a mining lease granted before the date of commencement of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations are carried on, an amount not exceeding the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule in such manner and subject to the categorization of the mining leases and the amounts payable by the various categories of lease holders, as may be prescribed by the Central Government.

Additional Information

• The arecanut palm is the source of common chewing nut, popularly known as betel nut or Supari. 
• India is the largest producer of arecanut and at the same time largest consumer also.

Climate

• The cultivation of arecanut is mostly confined to 28º north and south of the equator.  It grows well within the temperature range of 14ºC and 36ºC and is adversely affected by temperatures below 10ºC and above 40ºC.  Extremes of temperature and wide diurnal variations are not conducive for the healthy growth of the palms.  Arecanut can be grown in areas receiving annual rainfall of 750 mm in Maidan parts of Karnataka to 4,500 mm in Malnad areas of Karnataka.  In areas where there is prolonged dry spell, the palms are irrigated.  Due to its susceptibility to low temperature, a good crop of arecanut cannot be obtained at an altitude of more than 1000 m MSL.

Soil

• The largest area under the crop is found in gravelly laterite soils of red clay type.  It can also be grown on fertile clay loam soils.  Sticky clay, sandy, alluvial, brackish and calcareous soils are not suitable for arecanut cultivation.

Production

• Major states cultivating this crop are Karnataka (40%), Kerala (25%), Assam (20%), Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya and West Bengal.