November 29th
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
Consider the following statements in relation to the High Seas Treaty:
1. India is not a signatory to the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement.
2. The treaty deals only with oceans that are outside the national jurisdiction of any country.
3.The treaty makes it mandatory to carry out a prior environmental impact assessment (EIA) for any activity that is potentially damaging to the marine ecosystems, or to conservation efforts.
4.Demarcation of marine protected areas (MPAs) is one of the objectives of the treaty.
How many of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Solution
Statement 1 is incorrect—>India signed the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, or the High Seas Treaty at the United Nations General Assembly in New York on September 25, 2024. Statement 2 is correct—>The treaty deals only with oceans that are outside the national jurisdiction of any country. Statement 3 is correct—>The treaty makes it mandatory to carry out a prior environmental impact assessment (EIA) for any activity that is potentially polluting or damaging to the marine ecosystems, or to conservation efforts. The EIAs need to be made public. An EIA is to be carried out for activities within national jurisdictions as well if the impacts are expected in the high sea. Statement 4 is correct—>Demarcation of marine protected areas (MPAs) is one of the objectives of the treaty. Additional Information - The High Seas treaty would come into force 120 days after at least 60 countries submit their formal ratification documents.
- It is a new international legal framework under UNCLOS for maintaining the ecological health of the oceans.
- The treaty, which was concluded in March 2023, deals only with oceans that are outside the national jurisdiction of any country.
- Typically, national jurisdictions extend up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline, an area that is called an exclusive economic zone or EEZ. Areas outside of EEZs of every country are known as high seas or international waters. That’s why the agreement is formally called the Agreement on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction.
- The High Seas Treaty has four main objectives:
- Demarcation of marine protected areas (MPAs), rather like there are protected forests or wildlife areas;
- Sustainable use of marine genetic resources and equitable sharing of benefits arising from them;
- Initiation of the practice of environmental impact assessments for all major activities in the oceans; and
- Capacity building and technology transfer.
- Marine Genetic Resources: Oceans host very diverse life forms, many of which can be useful for human beings in areas like drug development. Genetic information from these organisms is already being extracted, and their benefits are being investigated. The treaty seeks to ensure that any benefits arising out of such efforts, including monetary gains, are free from strong intellectual property rights controls, and are equitably shared amongst all. The knowledge generated from such expeditions is also supposed to remain openly accessible to all.
- Capacity building and technology transfer: The treaty lays a lot of emphasis on this, mainly because a large number of countries, especially small island states, and landlocked nations, do not have the resources or the expertise to meaningfully participate in the conservation efforts, or to take benefits from the useful exploitation of marine resources. At the same time, the obligations put on them by the Treaty, to carry out environmental impact assessments, for example, can be an additional burden.
Incorrect
Solution
Statement 1 is incorrect—>India signed the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, or the High Seas Treaty at the United Nations General Assembly in New York on September 25, 2024. Statement 2 is correct—>The treaty deals only with oceans that are outside the national jurisdiction of any country. Statement 3 is correct—>The treaty makes it mandatory to carry out a prior environmental impact assessment (EIA) for any activity that is potentially polluting or damaging to the marine ecosystems, or to conservation efforts. The EIAs need to be made public. An EIA is to be carried out for activities within national jurisdictions as well if the impacts are expected in the high sea. Statement 4 is correct—>Demarcation of marine protected areas (MPAs) is one of the objectives of the treaty. Additional Information - The High Seas treaty would come into force 120 days after at least 60 countries submit their formal ratification documents.
- It is a new international legal framework under UNCLOS for maintaining the ecological health of the oceans.
- The treaty, which was concluded in March 2023, deals only with oceans that are outside the national jurisdiction of any country.
- Typically, national jurisdictions extend up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline, an area that is called an exclusive economic zone or EEZ. Areas outside of EEZs of every country are known as high seas or international waters. That’s why the agreement is formally called the Agreement on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction.
- The High Seas Treaty has four main objectives:
- Demarcation of marine protected areas (MPAs), rather like there are protected forests or wildlife areas;
- Sustainable use of marine genetic resources and equitable sharing of benefits arising from them;
- Initiation of the practice of environmental impact assessments for all major activities in the oceans; and
- Capacity building and technology transfer.
- Marine Genetic Resources: Oceans host very diverse life forms, many of which can be useful for human beings in areas like drug development. Genetic information from these organisms is already being extracted, and their benefits are being investigated. The treaty seeks to ensure that any benefits arising out of such efforts, including monetary gains, are free from strong intellectual property rights controls, and are equitably shared amongst all. The knowledge generated from such expeditions is also supposed to remain openly accessible to all.
- Capacity building and technology transfer: The treaty lays a lot of emphasis on this, mainly because a large number of countries, especially small island states, and landlocked nations, do not have the resources or the expertise to meaningfully participate in the conservation efforts, or to take benefits from the useful exploitation of marine resources. At the same time, the obligations put on them by the Treaty, to carry out environmental impact assessments, for example, can be an additional burden.
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Question 2 of 5
2. Question
Consider the following statements:
1.Copyright law treats a film as an amalgamation of various copyrightable components.
2.Copyright law vests all copyrights related to a movie with the producer.
3.Fair dealing is a user’s right in copyright law permitting use of a copyright protected work without permission or payment of copyright royalties.
How many of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Solution
Statement 1 is correct—>Copyright law treats a film as an amalgamation of various copyrightable components. Statement 2 is incorrect—>While copyright law vests the copyright of a cinematographic product with its producer, not all copyrights related to a movie necessarily lie with the producer. Statement 3 is correct—>Fair dealing is a user’s right in copyright law permitting use of a copyright protected work without permission or payment of copyright royalties. Additional Information What is Copyright and its Infringement? - “Copyright” refers to the right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings.
- It is a bundle of rights that includes rights of reproduction, communication to the public, adaptation, and translation of a work.
- The Copyright Act 1957 aims to safeguard creative works, which are considered to be the creator’s intellectual property (IP).
- A copyrighted work will be considered “infringed” only if a substantial part is made use of without authorisation.
- In cases of infringement, the copyright owner can take legal action against any person who infringes on or violates their copyright and is entitled to remedies such as injunctions, damages, etc.
- An injunction is an official order given by a law court, usually to stop someone from doing something.
Incorrect
Solution
Statement 1 is correct—>Copyright law treats a film as an amalgamation of various copyrightable components. Statement 2 is incorrect—>While copyright law vests the copyright of a cinematographic product with its producer, not all copyrights related to a movie necessarily lie with the producer. Statement 3 is correct—>Fair dealing is a user’s right in copyright law permitting use of a copyright protected work without permission or payment of copyright royalties. Additional Information What is Copyright and its Infringement? - “Copyright” refers to the right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings.
- It is a bundle of rights that includes rights of reproduction, communication to the public, adaptation, and translation of a work.
- The Copyright Act 1957 aims to safeguard creative works, which are considered to be the creator’s intellectual property (IP).
- A copyrighted work will be considered “infringed” only if a substantial part is made use of without authorisation.
- In cases of infringement, the copyright owner can take legal action against any person who infringes on or violates their copyright and is entitled to remedies such as injunctions, damages, etc.
- An injunction is an official order given by a law court, usually to stop someone from doing something.
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Question 3 of 5
3. Question
Which of the following best describes the term “Urban Mining”?
Correct
Solution
- Urban Mining is the practice of extracting valuable materials from discarded electronic waste and other urban waste streams.
Additional Information -
- Urban mining refers to the process of recovering valuable materials and resources from urban waste streams, discarded electronic devices, old buildings, and other infrastructure. It is a sustainable approach aimed at reducing dependency on natural resources and minimizing environmental impacts.
- Key Features of Urban Mining:
-
- Resource Recovery: Extracts precious metals, rare earth elements, and other materials from discarded electronic waste (e-waste), vehicles, batteries, etc.
- Environmental Benefits: Reduces the need for traditional mining, which often causes deforestation, habitat destruction, and pollution.
- Circular Economy: Promotes recycling and reuse, supporting the shift from a linear economy (take-make-dispose) to a circular one.
- Economic Potential: Creates job opportunities and reduces costs associated with raw material extraction.
Incorrect
Solution
- Urban Mining is the practice of extracting valuable materials from discarded electronic waste and other urban waste streams.
Additional Information -
- Urban mining refers to the process of recovering valuable materials and resources from urban waste streams, discarded electronic devices, old buildings, and other infrastructure. It is a sustainable approach aimed at reducing dependency on natural resources and minimizing environmental impacts.
- Key Features of Urban Mining:
-
- Resource Recovery: Extracts precious metals, rare earth elements, and other materials from discarded electronic waste (e-waste), vehicles, batteries, etc.
- Environmental Benefits: Reduces the need for traditional mining, which often causes deforestation, habitat destruction, and pollution.
- Circular Economy: Promotes recycling and reuse, supporting the shift from a linear economy (take-make-dispose) to a circular one.
- Economic Potential: Creates job opportunities and reduces costs associated with raw material extraction.
-
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
Rakhine state was in the news recently. It is located in:
Correct
Solution
- Rakhine state is located in Myanmar.
Additional Information - The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has warned that Myanmar’s Rakhine state, home to the Rohingya minority, is on the brink of an acute famine due to a combination of internal conflicts, economic collapse, and natural disasters.
- Rakhine, the westernmost state in Myanmar, is one of the poorest regions, facing ongoing conflict, displacement, and poverty.
- For decades, the Rohingya, a Muslim ethnic minority in Myanmar, have faced discrimination and exclusionary citizenship laws, leading to hundreds of thousands fleeing persecution.
- In 2017, India signed a development program to help Myanmar build housing infrastructure for displaced persons in Rakhine State.
Incorrect
Solution
- Rakhine state is located in Myanmar.
Additional Information - The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has warned that Myanmar’s Rakhine state, home to the Rohingya minority, is on the brink of an acute famine due to a combination of internal conflicts, economic collapse, and natural disasters.
- Rakhine, the westernmost state in Myanmar, is one of the poorest regions, facing ongoing conflict, displacement, and poverty.
- For decades, the Rohingya, a Muslim ethnic minority in Myanmar, have faced discrimination and exclusionary citizenship laws, leading to hundreds of thousands fleeing persecution.
- In 2017, India signed a development program to help Myanmar build housing infrastructure for displaced persons in Rakhine State.
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Question 5 of 5
5. Question
Large Magellanic Cloud refers to:
Correct
Solution
Explanation - The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is a dwarf galaxy and satellite galaxy of the Milky Way.
- Dwarf galaxies are small galaxies composed of a few billion stars. Compared to their larger cousins, which can contain hundreds of billions of stars, dwarf galaxies are typically home to a just few billion stars.
Incorrect
Solution
Explanation - The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is a dwarf galaxy and satellite galaxy of the Milky Way.
- Dwarf galaxies are small galaxies composed of a few billion stars. Compared to their larger cousins, which can contain hundreds of billions of stars, dwarf galaxies are typically home to a just few billion stars.