November 5th
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
Which one of the following is the best description of ‘Tidal Disruption Event :
Correct
Solution
- Tidal Disruption Event is the destruction of a star by a black hole.
Additional Information
-
- The astronomical phenomenon of the destruction of a star by a black hole is called a Tidal Disruption Event (TDE).
- During a TDE, the tidal force of a black hole disrupts the star in its vicinity. While about half of the star’s debris continues on its original path, the other half is attracted by the black hole’s gravitational pull. The gradual growth of this material bound to the black hole produces a short-lived flare of emission, known as a tidal disruption event.
- Tidal force: It is a difference in the strength of gravity between two points.
- If it is greater than the intermolecular force that keeps it together, the body will get disrupted
- Tidal force: It is a difference in the strength of gravity between two points.
- What is the significance of the Tidal Disruption Event(TDE)?
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-
- TDEs are attractive to astronomers because of their observability and short duration, and the opportunity to study the impact of black hole’s gravity on materials around them.
- They are also an important tool to learn how black holes influence their environments
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- How does a TDE typically unfold?
-
- Close Approach: A star in a galaxy approaches a black hole on a very close trajectory due to gravitational interactions within the galaxy.
- Tidal Forces: As the star gets closer to the black hole, the gravitational forces acting on it become increasingly uneven due to the difference in gravitational pull on the near side and far side of the star. These tidal forces can be strong enough to disrupt the star.
- Stellar Disruption: When the tidal forces exceed the self-gravitational forces holding the star together, it undergoes a process called “tidal disruption.” The star is stretched and eventually torn apart into a stream of gas and debris.
- Accretion Disk Formation: The debris from the disrupted star forms an accretion disk around the black hole. This disk is composed of hot gas and dust, and it spirals inwards towards the black hole.
- Energy Release: As the material in the accretion disk spirals inwards, it releases a tremendous amount of energy in the form of X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.
- Flares and Observations: TDEs are often observed as bright flares of radiation from the centre of a galaxy. These flares can last for several months to years, gradually fading as the disrupted star’s material is consumed by the black hole.
Incorrect
Solution
- Tidal Disruption Event is the destruction of a star by a black hole.
Additional Information
-
- The astronomical phenomenon of the destruction of a star by a black hole is called a Tidal Disruption Event (TDE).
- During a TDE, the tidal force of a black hole disrupts the star in its vicinity. While about half of the star’s debris continues on its original path, the other half is attracted by the black hole’s gravitational pull. The gradual growth of this material bound to the black hole produces a short-lived flare of emission, known as a tidal disruption event.
- Tidal force: It is a difference in the strength of gravity between two points.
- If it is greater than the intermolecular force that keeps it together, the body will get disrupted
- Tidal force: It is a difference in the strength of gravity between two points.
- What is the significance of the Tidal Disruption Event(TDE)?
-
-
- TDEs are attractive to astronomers because of their observability and short duration, and the opportunity to study the impact of black hole’s gravity on materials around them.
- They are also an important tool to learn how black holes influence their environments
-
- How does a TDE typically unfold?
-
- Close Approach: A star in a galaxy approaches a black hole on a very close trajectory due to gravitational interactions within the galaxy.
- Tidal Forces: As the star gets closer to the black hole, the gravitational forces acting on it become increasingly uneven due to the difference in gravitational pull on the near side and far side of the star. These tidal forces can be strong enough to disrupt the star.
- Stellar Disruption: When the tidal forces exceed the self-gravitational forces holding the star together, it undergoes a process called “tidal disruption.” The star is stretched and eventually torn apart into a stream of gas and debris.
- Accretion Disk Formation: The debris from the disrupted star forms an accretion disk around the black hole. This disk is composed of hot gas and dust, and it spirals inwards towards the black hole.
- Energy Release: As the material in the accretion disk spirals inwards, it releases a tremendous amount of energy in the form of X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.
- Flares and Observations: TDEs are often observed as bright flares of radiation from the centre of a galaxy. These flares can last for several months to years, gradually fading as the disrupted star’s material is consumed by the black hole.
-
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
Consider the following statements regarding Immune Imprinting:
1. It is the body’s tendency to repeat its immune response through previously encountered variants.
2. T cell lymphocytes play a central role in this process.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Solution
Statement 1 is correct—>Immune Imprinting: It is a tendency of the body to repeat its immune response based on the first variant it encountered through infection or vaccination. Imprinting acts as a database for the immune system,helping it put up a better response in order to repeat infections. The concept was first observed in 1947. Statement 2 is incorrect—>After our body is exposed to a virus for the first time, it produces memory B cells which circulate in the bloodstream and quickly produce antibodies. When a similar or variant of virus enters the body, the immune system, rather than generating new B cells, activates memory B cells, which in turn produce antibodies which bind to features found in both the old and new strains, known as cross reactive antibodies. Although the cross-reactive antibodies do offer some protection against the new strain, they aren’t as effective as the ones produced by the B cells when the body first came across the original virus.
Adaptive Immune System
- Adaptive immune responses are carried out by white blood cells also called lymphocytes. There are two broad classes of such responses: antibody responses and cell-mediated immune responses, and they are carried out by certain different classes of lymphocytes, called B cells and T cells, respectively
- B cells mature in the bone marrow (therefore the name “B cell”).
- Cells which eventually become T cells travel from the bone marrow to the thymus by way of our bloodstream where they mature (hence the name “T cell”).The thymus is present just above the heart behind the sternum, or breastbone.
Incorrect
Solution
Statement 1 is correct—>Immune Imprinting: It is a tendency of the body to repeat its immune response based on the first variant it encountered through infection or vaccination. Imprinting acts as a database for the immune system,helping it put up a better response in order to repeat infections. The concept was first observed in 1947. Statement 2 is incorrect—>After our body is exposed to a virus for the first time, it produces memory B cells which circulate in the bloodstream and quickly produce antibodies. When a similar or variant of virus enters the body, the immune system, rather than generating new B cells, activates memory B cells, which in turn produce antibodies which bind to features found in both the old and new strains, known as cross reactive antibodies. Although the cross-reactive antibodies do offer some protection against the new strain, they aren’t as effective as the ones produced by the B cells when the body first came across the original virus.
Adaptive Immune System
- Adaptive immune responses are carried out by white blood cells also called lymphocytes. There are two broad classes of such responses: antibody responses and cell-mediated immune responses, and they are carried out by certain different classes of lymphocytes, called B cells and T cells, respectively
- B cells mature in the bone marrow (therefore the name “B cell”).
- Cells which eventually become T cells travel from the bone marrow to the thymus by way of our bloodstream where they mature (hence the name “T cell”).The thymus is present just above the heart behind the sternum, or breastbone.
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Question 3 of 5
3. Question
In the context of virology, which of the following best describes ‘reassortment’?
Correct
Solution
- ‘Reassortment’ is the formation of a hybrid virus containing parts from the genomes of two distinct viruses. In simple terms, Reassortment is like something out of science fiction:When two influenza viruses infect the same cell in the same host, they can trade entire chunks of their genomes with each other, yielding a variety of Franken-flus.
Incorrect
Solution
- ‘Reassortment’ is the formation of a hybrid virus containing parts from the genomes of two distinct viruses. In simple terms, Reassortment is like something out of science fiction:When two influenza viruses infect the same cell in the same host, they can trade entire chunks of their genomes with each other, yielding a variety of Franken-flus.
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Question 4 of 5
4. Question
Consider the following statements:
1. Anything that works as a superconductor above 70 Kelvin (-203°C) is generally considered as a High-temperature superconductor (HTS).
2. Solid mercury behaves as a superconductor below its threshold temperature i.e. (around –270°C).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Solution
Statement 1 is correct—>Anything that works as a superconductor above 70 Kelvin (-203°C) is generally considered as a High-temperature superconductor (HTS). Statement 2 is correct—> Solid mercury behaves as a superconductor below its threshold temperature i.e. (around –270°C). Additional Information
- Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic flux fields are expelled from the material.
- Superconductors are separated into two main categories: Low-temperature superconductors (LTS), also known as conventional superconductors and High-temperature superconductors (HTS) also called unconventional superconductors.
- LTS can be described by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer(BCS) theory to explain how the electrons formCooper pairs. HTS uses other microscopic methods to achieve zero resistance.
- The origins of HTS are one of the major unsolved problems of modern-day physics. Most of the historical research on superconductivity has been in the direction of LTS, because those superconductors are much easier to discover and study, and almost all applications of superconductivity involve LTS. HTS,in contrast, are an active and exciting area of modern-day research.
- Anything that works as a superconductor above 70 Kelvin (-203oC) is generally considered an HTS.
Incorrect
Solution
Statement 1 is correct—>Anything that works as a superconductor above 70 Kelvin (-203°C) is generally considered as a High-temperature superconductor (HTS). Statement 2 is correct—> Solid mercury behaves as a superconductor below its threshold temperature i.e. (around –270°C). Additional Information
- Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic flux fields are expelled from the material.
- Superconductors are separated into two main categories: Low-temperature superconductors (LTS), also known as conventional superconductors and High-temperature superconductors (HTS) also called unconventional superconductors.
- LTS can be described by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer(BCS) theory to explain how the electrons formCooper pairs. HTS uses other microscopic methods to achieve zero resistance.
- The origins of HTS are one of the major unsolved problems of modern-day physics. Most of the historical research on superconductivity has been in the direction of LTS, because those superconductors are much easier to discover and study, and almost all applications of superconductivity involve LTS. HTS,in contrast, are an active and exciting area of modern-day research.
- Anything that works as a superconductor above 70 Kelvin (-203oC) is generally considered an HTS.
-
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
With reference to ‘grey hydrogen’, consider the following statements:
1. It is generated from natural gas or methane, through a process called “steam reforming”.
2. It is called ‘grey hydrogen due to the distinct grey smoke produced when burnt in presence of oxygen.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Solution
Statement 1 is correct—> Grey hydrogen is the most common form of hydrogen and is generated from natural gas, or methane, through a process called “steam reforming”. In this process, natural gas containing methane (CH4) can be used to produce hydrogen with thermal processes, such as steam-methane reformation and partial oxidation. Statement 2 is incorrect—>Hydrogen emits only water when burnt. It derives the grey hydrogen name because of the process of production and not on basis of the by products after burning. Additional Information
- Hydrogen can be produced from a range of resources including fossil fuels, nuclear energy, biomass, and renewable energy sources. Depending on production methods, hydrogen can be grey, blue, or green and sometimes even pink, yellow or turquoise. They’re essentially color codes, used within the energy industry to differentiate between the types of hydrogen. Depending on the type of production used, different colors are assigned to the hydrogen.
Types of Hydrogen
Blue hydrogen
- Blue hydrogen is produced using a process called steam reforming.
- This process brings together natural gas and heated water in the form of steam.
- Which results in the creation of Hydrogen and Carbon dioxide.
- The resultant CO2 is captured using carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Grey hydrogen
- This is the most common form of hydrogen production method currently in use.
- Grey hydrogen is created from natural gas, or methane, using steam methane reformation however, the resultant CO2 is not captured.
Black and brown hydrogen
- This hydrogen-making process uses black coal or lignite (brown coal).
- In common parlance, hydrogen made from any fossil fuels through the process of ‘gasification’ is often called black or brown hydrogen
Pink hydrogen
- Pink hydrogen is also generated through electrolysis, however, the electricity will be generated through nuclear energy.
- Nuclear-produced hydrogen is also sometimes referred to as purple hydrogen or red hydrogen.
Turquoise hydrogen
- Turquoise hydrogen is made through a process called methane pyrolysis which produces hydrogen and solid carbon.
Yellow hydrogen
- Yellow hydrogen is a new phrase for hydrogen made through electrolysis when the power is derived from solar power.
White hydrogen
- White hydrogen is a naturally-occurring hydrogen found in underground deposits and extracted through fracking.
Incorrect
Solution
Statement 1 is correct—> Grey hydrogen is the most common form of hydrogen and is generated from natural gas, or methane, through a process called “steam reforming”. In this process, natural gas containing methane (CH4) can be used to produce hydrogen with thermal processes, such as steam-methane reformation and partial oxidation. Statement 2 is incorrect—>Hydrogen emits only water when burnt. It derives the grey hydrogen name because of the process of production and not on basis of the by products after burning. Additional Information
- Hydrogen can be produced from a range of resources including fossil fuels, nuclear energy, biomass, and renewable energy sources. Depending on production methods, hydrogen can be grey, blue, or green and sometimes even pink, yellow or turquoise. They’re essentially color codes, used within the energy industry to differentiate between the types of hydrogen. Depending on the type of production used, different colors are assigned to the hydrogen.
Types of Hydrogen
Blue hydrogen
- Blue hydrogen is produced using a process called steam reforming.
- This process brings together natural gas and heated water in the form of steam.
- Which results in the creation of Hydrogen and Carbon dioxide.
- The resultant CO2 is captured using carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Grey hydrogen
- This is the most common form of hydrogen production method currently in use.
- Grey hydrogen is created from natural gas, or methane, using steam methane reformation however, the resultant CO2 is not captured.
Black and brown hydrogen
- This hydrogen-making process uses black coal or lignite (brown coal).
- In common parlance, hydrogen made from any fossil fuels through the process of ‘gasification’ is often called black or brown hydrogen
Pink hydrogen
- Pink hydrogen is also generated through electrolysis, however, the electricity will be generated through nuclear energy.
- Nuclear-produced hydrogen is also sometimes referred to as purple hydrogen or red hydrogen.
Turquoise hydrogen
- Turquoise hydrogen is made through a process called methane pyrolysis which produces hydrogen and solid carbon.
Yellow hydrogen
- Yellow hydrogen is a new phrase for hydrogen made through electrolysis when the power is derived from solar power.
White hydrogen
- White hydrogen is a naturally-occurring hydrogen found in underground deposits and extracted through fracking.