Understand how tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts in India through specialised jurisdiction, statutory bars and appellate mechanisms, and why High Court judicial review remains protected.
Compare tribunal systems in Australia, France, the United Kingdom and the United States, including their structure, jurisdiction, appeals and relationship with ordinary courts.
Understand the Mediation Act, 2023, its key features, Mediation Council of India, enforceability of settlements, benefits, challenges and reforms needed for effective mediation in India.
Understand tribunals in India, their constitutional basis under Articles 323A and 323B, and key Supreme Court judgments including S.P. Sampath Kumar, L. Chandra Kumar and R. Gandhi.
Understand the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, its 2015, 2019 and 2021 amendments, Arbitration Council of India, challenges and way forward for UPSC GS 2.
Understand the competence of tribunals in India, including their jurisdictional, subject-matter, procedural and functional competence, with the L. Chandra Kumar judgment and UPSC Mains analysis.
Understand the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), its constitutional basis under Article 323A, jurisdiction, powers, significance, challenges, judicial independence and reforms for UPSC GS 2.
Understand Gram Nyayalayas under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008, their features, jurisdiction, significance, challenges and reforms needed for grassroots justice in India.
