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Ethical Dilemmas in Environmental Clearance of Development Projects | UPSC Ethics Notes

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Ethical dilemmas related to Environmental Clearance of Development Projects in Ecologically Sensitive Areas

Environmental clearance in ecologically sensitive areas is not merely a technical or administrative exercise; it involves navigating competing ethical principles such as development, sustainability, and justice. It gives rise to dilemmas where any decision entails trade-offs between economic growth, environmental protection, and the rights of affected communities.

Ethical dilemmas

  • Development vs Environmental Conservation
    • Environmental clearance inherently involves a trade-off between economic development (roads, dams, mining, industries) and protection of ecologically fragile areas (forests, wildlife habitats, wetlands). Development projects can lead to deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and loss of biodiversity, some of which are irreversible. At the same time, delaying or rejecting such projects may slow infrastructure growth and economic progress.
  • Short-term Gains vs Long-term Sustainability 
    • Many projects offer immediate benefits such as employment generation, increased revenue, and political visibility, which are often prioritised in policy decisions. However, these projects may lead to long-term environmental costs like soil degradation, water scarcity, pollution, and climate vulnerability, which are not immediately visible but affect future generations.
  • Public Interest vs Local Community Rights
    • Development projects are often justified in the name of larger public or national interest, such as energy security or connectivity. However, they frequently result in displacement of tribal and local communities, loss of traditional livelihoods, and erosion of cultural identity, especially in ecologically sensitive areas where such communities are deeply dependent on natural resources.

These dilemmas highlight that environmental clearance is not just a technical process but a deeply ethical one, requiring a balance between developmental aspirations, ecological sustainability, and social justice.

Sample Mains Question

Q1. Environmental clearance in ecologically sensitive areas involves complex ethical dilemmas. Discuss.
(150 words, 10 marks)

Q2. Development projects in fragile ecosystems require balancing economic growth, environmental conservation and social justice. Examine.
(250 words, 15 marks)

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