Learn what biodiversity hotspots are, their global distribution, criteria for identification, and the four biodiversity hotspots in India — Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Western Ghats–Sri Lanka, and Sundaland. Includes their importance, threats, and conservation relevance for UPSC.
Explore zooplankton—tiny animal plankton like copepods, krill, and protozoa—and understand their critical role in energy transfer, carbon cycling, and marine food webs.
Discover the vital role of phytoplankton in marine ecosystems. Learn how these microscopic plants drive the ocean food web, regulate climate through the carbon cycle, and produce over 60% of Earth’s oxygen.
Explore the concept of foundation species—species that define ecosystems like corals, mangroves, and kelps.
Explore the concept of foundation species—species that define ecosystems like corals, mangroves, and kelps.
Learn what indicator species are and how they help detect environmental changes.
Understand the role of keystone species in ecosystems with examples like tigers, sea otters, and starfish.
Explore biodiversity across genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Understand its significance, types, and threats.
