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📝 UPSC Mains 2026 Question Papers — all five papers now available with full PDFs: View All Papers 📝 UPSC Mains 2026 Question Papers — all five papers now available with full PDFs: View All Papers
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Economy

Solar Energy in India – Potential, Challenges & Government Initiatives

Comprehensive UPSC notes on Solar Energy in India. Covers potential, benefits, challenges, domestic manufacturing, key government schemes like PM Surya Ghar, ISA, OSOWOG, and Mains questions.

Economy

Nuclear Energy in India – Status, Challenges, and Way Forward

Get complete UPSC notes on Nuclear Energy in India – current status, challenges, three-stage programme, latest government initiatives, and mains questions.

Economy

Renewable Energy in India – Growth, Challenges & Government Initiatives

Comprehensive UPSC Notes on Renewable Energy in India. Covers solar, wind, hydro, biomass power, growth statistics (2014–2025), challenges, strategies, key schemes like PM-KUSUM, Green Hydrogen Mission, and National Solar Plans.

Science and Technology

Black Holes – Types, Formation, Structure

Comprehensive UPSC notes on Black Holes: Learn about their types, structure, formation, detection methods, ergosphere, spaghettification and major discoveries like Sagittarius A*

The Brief

Ethanol Blended Petrol (E20) and Bioethanol – Complete UPSC Notes

Understand the Ethanol Blended Petrol (E20) Programme, its benefits, controversies, government policies, and bioethanol types.

International Organisations

High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) on Sustainable Development

Comprehensive UPSC notes on the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF), its origin, structure, meetings, Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs), and role in monitoring SDGs.

International Organisations

Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) – Structure, Members, Functions | UPSC Notes

Comprehensive UPSC notes on the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) – history, mandate, structure, dispute resolution services, and India’s role.

International Organisations

World Food Programme (WFP) – Structure, Activities, India’s Role

Get detailed UPSC notes on the World Food Programme (WFP) – mandate, governance, functions, Nobel Peace Prize, UNHAS, and food security role.