Examine women’s representation in the Indian judiciary, its significance, current status, structural barriers, Collegium-related concerns and reforms for gender diversity.
Understand judicial review in India, its constitutional basis, significance, limitations, landmark Supreme Court judgments and reforms for UPSC GS Paper II.
Understand judicial activism in India, its constitutional basis, methods, landmark Supreme Court judgments, advantages, criticisms and reforms for UPSC GS Paper II.
Understand ad hoc judges in India under Articles 127 and 224A, the Lok Prahari guidelines, 2025 modifications, benefits, limitations and reforms for reducing judicial pendency.
Understand the appointment of judges in India, evolution of the Collegium system, NJAC, landmark Supreme Court judgments, issues, criticisms and reforms for UPSC GS Paper II.
Examine the major issues associated with the office of Governor in India, including politicised appointments, government formation, floor tests, delays in assent to Bills, Article 356 and reforms.
Understand the significance of the Governor in India as constitutional head, guardian of constitutional governance, link between Centre and State, and protector of legislative and regional interests.
Understand the constitutional limit on the size of the Council of Ministers under the 91st Amendment, its rationale, advantages, limitations and way forward for UPSC.
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